清国にて儒教の孔子の生誕地である山東省身の曲阜から外国を排外する義和団の乱が1900年に勃発した。西太后政権が支持して宣戦布告したために、海外から8カ国連合軍 (ドイツ・イタリア・日本・ロシア・イギリス・アメリカ・オーストリア)が中国に干渉するために7月14日に天津を侵略して、8月15日から翌年の9月7日まで北京を占領した。天津では、8カ国連合軍により扶清排外する義和団や疑われた膨大な中国人市民が虐殺された。
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