ロシア軍は、1905年に奉天会戦でのロシア軍兵士の67人の死体群を集団埋葬地の近くで取り囲んだ。死体群の周囲では、ロシア軍兵士がシャベルで集団墓地を掘った。奉天会戦は、日露戦争の最大の陸上戦の一つであり、最後の終結的な陸上戦闘となった。1905年2月20日、日本軍がロシア軍の左翼を攻撃して勃発した。2月27日、日本軍第4軍が右翼を攻撃し、他の日本軍もロシア軍の前線を攻撃した。同日、日本軍は奉天の北西で広範囲にわたる移動を開始した。1905年2月20日から3月10日にかけて、満州国の奉天(現在の瀋陽)付近で日本軍とロシア軍の間で戦われた。約61万人が参戦して、約16万4000人が戦死傷した。当時の世界史上最大の戦闘でもあった。3月7日までに、クロパトキン将軍は奉天の西側で日本軍から退避するため、奉天会戦から完全撤退し始めた。

　帝政ロシアにてヴィクトル・ブッラは、1904年から05年にかけての日露戦争で、19歳の少尉としてシベリア予備旅団の従軍カメラマンとなった。日露戦争にて、ダリン峠と奉天の戦い、エルダゴウ、ズニオ、サンデプ、ラナファン、プチロフの丘での行動、ミシェンコ将軍の襲撃、その他戦争の重要な事件を撮影した。ヴィクトルの前線レポートは、最も人気のあるイラスト雑誌「ニーヴァ」（戦場）、「イスクリ」（火花）、ロシアの主要新聞に広く掲載され、世界中で再版された。

　ロシアに帰国後に、ロシア皇帝の宮廷、政府、軍事活動の公式写真を独占的に制作する権利を持つカール家の写真代理店に入社した。ヴィクトルは、第一次世界大戦、ロシア革命、内戦の大規模な写真ギャラリーを制作し、事実上、初期のソビエト政府の公式写真家となった。要注意として、1935年までに写真約20万点が政府公文書館に接収された。1938年6月23日には冤罪で逮捕され、拷問によりソ連に対するスパイ活動を自白させられ、1938年10月に銃殺された。ヴィクトルの名前は、1980年代後半のゴルバチョフのペレストロイカまで、すべての公式資料から抹消された。

Igor Gusenko, a Ukrainian who defected to Canada on September 5th 1945, testified and exposed the Soviet spy network operating in Canada while wearing protective clothing.

　　Ukrainian Igor Gusenko testified and exposed a spy network operating in Canada while wearing protective clothing. He stole nuclear secrets about nuclear weapons that could not be known by anyone other than a spy. Igor Gusenko, a Ukrainian who worked as a cryptographer at the embassy in Ottawa, the capital of Canada's Ontario province, defected to Canada on September 5, 1945. The Soviet Kremlin authorities carefully revitalized their espionage activities while maintaining a superficially friendly relationship with their former World War II allies immediately after the end of World War II. The Guzenko incident sparked the Cold War in the public opinion of Ottawa.

　　The FBI in Washington, the capital, uncovered Gerhard Eisler as the number one red spy in the United States. He stowed away on a Polish passenger ship and was taken off in England and interrogated. He was later extradited to Moscow. The Washington FBI also declared several American government employees, including Alger Hiss, a senior State Department official, to be subversives, and Hiss was imprisoned for perjury.

　　Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, a Manhattan machinist and the brother-in-law of David Greenglass, were involved in the development of the atomic bomb at Los Alamos. They were convicted at trial, and after an appeal to the Supreme Court, they were sentenced to death and executed in the electric chair.

　　In Russia, many people were accused of spying behind the Iron Curtain, imprisoned, and summarily executed. Two famous cases of innocent people being falsely accused were Cardinal József Mindszenty of Hungary and AP correspondent William Oatis, who was in Prague.

　　The Soviet Union's Kremlin constructed a wall along its borders, which Winston Churchill dubbed the “Iron Curtain” in his famous 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri, USA. The structure extended along the new border, which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. It was guarded by the Soviet Union's Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) and other special forces, and physically it was equipped with watchtowers, searchlights, landmines, machine guns, police dogs and guards, and electrified barbed wire was installed across the uninhabited land. The Iron Curtain was also an ideological barrier against Western ideas.

 

In September 1911, after being defeated and captured by the Persian Empire forces led by Ephraim Khan, the famous general of the former Shah, Arshad-ud-Daulah, was executed as a traitor.

　　In September 1911, after being defeated and captured by the Persian Empire forces led by Ephraim Khan, the famous general of the former Shah, Arshad-ud-Daulah, was executed as a rebel. Immediately after his execution by firing squad, Persian Empire soldiers surrounded Arshad-ud-Daulah's corpse and looked down on it.

　　On the morning of Tuesday, September 5th, 1911, at 11 o'clock, the Persian Empire army under the command of Ephraim attacked the army of the former Shah Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, which consisted of about 2,000 Turks and Persians led by Arshad-ud-Daulah, and about 1,400 mounted soldiers. The Persian Imperial Army was made up of around 500 Bakhtiyar cavalry, around 180 Armenian volunteer soldiers and military police, three Schneider cannons and one Maxim machine gun. The Bakhtiyar cavalry was under the direct command of Sardar Bahadur and Sardar Mutasem. The Persian Imperial Army, led by Amir Mujahid, was located 3.2km south of the point where they faced the Arshadud Daulah near Imamzadeh Jafar. The Persian army was made up of around 400 Bakhthiyari soldiers and several military police. An hour before midday, Arshad-ud-Daulah took up a position on a hill about 800m square, which was defended by four cannons. He sent 300 Turks to the village of Belamin, causing a panic. When the Persian Empire army led by Ephraim arrived in the area early that morning, a gun battle broke out between the Amir Mujahid army and the Turkmen army.

　　Ephraim, with Maxim machine guns and Sardar-i-Bahadur and his cavalry, went to the high ground around the right wing of the army of Arshad-ud-Daulah. The Persian Empire army reached a favorable position without being seen by anyone and opened fire on the Turks with the Maxim machine guns. According to the story of Arshad-ud-Daulah, who later became a prisoner of war, the Turks were so frightened by the deafening sound of the Maxim machine gun that their commanders fell into chaos. Unable to restore order, the cavalry of the Bakhtiyar tribe, led by Sardar-i-Bahadur, charged, and in the confusion they collapsed and fled. Al-Saddu'd-Daulah was unable to escape due to his injured leg, and was captured and executed by the Bakhtiyari troops. Ephraim Khan was killed on May 19th 1912 during the battle of Shurche in Kermanshah Province. 

The counterattack by Soviet General Zhukov on December 5th, 1941 dealt a heavy blow to the German army. The freezing cold and snowfall from 1941 to 1942 scattered corpses across the battlefields of the Winter War.

 The poor equipment and lack of winter clothing of the German army ultimately proved fatal for the German army in the Battle of Moscow. The counterattack by Soviet General Zhukov on December 5th dealt a heavy blow to the German army. The battlefields of the 1941-1942 Winter War were strewn with bodies. In December 1941, the freezing cold and snowfall forced the German soldiers to retreat.

　　On June 22, 1941, they invaded the Soviet Union. In October 1941, Hitler ordered the German army to advance on Moscow. The first snow fell on October 7, and it quickly melted, turning the roads and open spaces into quagmires.After the battle in the mud, a severe frost prevented further advances. On the night of October 15, the German army broke through the main line of defense in Moscow. On October 20, they smashed the Soviet army's front line. In November 1941, the terrible Russian winter began, with temperatures as low as -40 degrees. The German army, which was completely unprepared for winter warfare, suffered heavy losses due to frostbite. They were also plagued by counterattacks from the Soviet army, which had been deployed from the Far East. The German army's offensive finally collapsed at a point 35 to 40 km from the capital, Moscow. The German front in Moscow was also forced to retreat in the north and south. On December 19, 1941, Hitler dismissed General von Brauchitsch and took personal command of the Wehrmacht.

　　The fighting in Russia was carried out with a cruelty never seen before on either side. Many Russian prisoners of war died in transit. Hitler, among other things, ordered that the political commissars of the Communist Party, who were always present in Russian units, be shot on the spot. In the occupied territories, the German civilian authorities treated the Russians badly. According to the official daily casualty report of the Wehrmacht in January 1942, between October 1, 1941 and January 10, 1942, the total number of dead, wounded and missing in the entire German Central Army was 35,757, wounded 128,716, and missing 9,721. The number of Soviet casualties from October 1941 to January 1942 is said to be 653,924.

The body of Ukrainian soldier Oleksandr Hrytsiuk, who was 180 cm tall and weighed 110 kg before being taken prisoner by the Russian army, was returned in January 2024, having weakened to 50 kg.

   The body of Ukrainian soldier Oleksandr Hrytsiuk, who was 180 cm tall and weighed 110 kg before becoming a prisoner of the Russian army, was returned in January 2024, having lost 60 kg in weight. Oleksandr Hrytsiuk, who was from the Volyn region in western Ukraine, worked as a construction worker and in 2022 volunteered to join the Ukrainian army to fight against the full-scale Russian invasion. In April 2022, he was captured near Novobakhmutivka in the Donetsk region near Novobakhmutivka, he was captured and taken to the Vyazma internment camp. He died as a prisoner of the Russian army in November 2023, and his emaciated body was returned in January 2024.

   The Russian army systematically tortured Ukrainian prisoners of war to death through starvation, beatings, and nail pulling. The death certificates returned to the families of the Ukrainian prisoners of war who died in Russian captivity usually listed the cause of death as tuberculosis or heart attack. The bodies of Ukrainians who had been taken prisoner by the Russians showed clear signs of torture and starvation, and the eyewitness accounts of Ukrainians who had survived captivity by the Russians proved the inhumane treatment and humiliation they had suffered. Oleksandr, who was tall and from western Ukraine, refused to speak Russian and was subjected to the worst forms of torture. Ukrainian prisoners were forced to listen to the Russian national anthem many times a day, forced to do hard physical labor, given inadequate food and regularly beaten, and many of them lost consciousness.

   The problems within the Ukrainian bureaucracy were also highlighted, with Ukrainian officials often accepting the Russian military's fabricated medical diagnoses of Ukrainian prisoners of war, such as tuberculosis and heart attacks, while acknowledging the Russian military's role in the deaths from torture. Looking at Oleksandr, it is clear that he was tortured. His wife disagreed with the Ukrainian authorities, who stated that the cause of death was natural, and appealed against the death certificate. The Russian military documents stated that Oleksandr died of tuberculosis, and a Ukrainian forensic examination also concluded that tuberculosis was the cause of death.The abuse and mistreatment of Ukrainian prisoners was not limited to the Vyazma 2 Detention Center, but spread to 42 detention centers throughout Russia.

Warning: Comparison of Oleksandr Hrytsiuk before capture (left) and his deceased body after Russian captivity (right). Photo: Twitter/Special Kherson Cat

A victim of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, who was treated for burns to the head, shoulders, and arms at Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital on September 12, 1945.

　　　　　　Undisclosed photos of Japanese

 　　　　　　　A-bomb survivors

　　　U.S. Atomic Bomb Surveys

The National Archives College Park, Maryland

　　　　　　　　　　February 23, 2024        

　　　　　　                       SC-212341

SC-212341

A victim of the atomic bomb raid on Hiroshima, Japan

is treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital 

for burns on head, shoulders and arms. 9/12/1945

Signal Corps Photo WPA-45-33514 (Lt. Camp) 

released by BPR 10/3/1945

orig.neg.  Lot 12495 gef

On November 11, 2024, it was announced that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2024 would be awarded to the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations (Nihon Hidankyo) “for its efforts to realize a world without nuclear weapons and for its testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again”.

The Nobel Peace Prize 2024

A powerful international norm stigmatising nuclear weapons

 The grassroots movement of atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, also known as Hibakusha, is receiving the Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again. The extraordinary efforts of Nihon Hidankyo and other representatives of the Hibakusha have contributed greatly to the establishment of a nuclear taboo.

   The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2024 to Nihon Hidankyo “for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again”

Nihon Hidankyo

The Nobel Peace Prize 2024

Founded: 1956

Residence at the time of the award: Tokyo, Japan

   Prize motivation: “for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again” Prize share: 1/1

   For demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again.

  The two American atomic bombs that were dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 killed approximately 120 000 people. A comparable number died later of burn and radiation injuries. It is estimated that 650 000 people survived the attacks. These survivors are known as Hibakusha in Japanese.

 The fate of the survivors was long concealed and ignored. In 1956, local Hibakusha associations along with victims of nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific formed The Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organisations, shortened in Japanese to Nihon Hidankyo. This grassroots movement soon became the largest and most widely representative Hibakusha organisation in Japan.

  Nihon Hidankyo has two main objectives. The first is to promote the social and economic rights of all Hibakusha, including those living outside Japan. The second is to ensure that no one ever again is subjected to the catastrophe that befell the Hibakusha.

  Through personal witness statements, Nihon Hidankyo has carried out extensive educational work on the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. Hence the motto “No more Hibakusha”.

Alben W. Barkley, a senator on the congressional committee investigating the atrocities of Nazi Germany, gazed at the bodies of the victims of the atrocities at the Buchenwald concentration camp in the German state of Weimar on April 24, 1945.

 　Alben W. Barkley, a senator from Kentucky who was a member of the congressional committee investigating the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany, gazed directly at the corpses of victims of the atrocities at the Buchenwald concentration camp in the German state of Weimar on April 24, 1945. The bodies were piled up in the courtyard of the Buchenwald crematorium, naked corpses piled up like a mountain. On April 24, ten members of the US Senate and House of Representatives arrived at the Buchenwald concentration camp. He served as the 35th Vice President of the United States under President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953.

　　Buchenwald was the first major concentration camp to be liberated by the American forces. After mid-April 1945, photographs and reports of the horrific Nazi atrocities encountered by the American forces spread throughout the Western world. At the suggestion of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, the corpses of the dead were not buried, and the Nazi Germany Holocaust was revealed to a large number of journalists, politicians and American military members.

　　According to the records of the Buchenwald concentration camp, the camp held 240,000 prisoners from at least 30 countries. At least 10,000 people were sent to extermination camps, and around 43,000 people died in the camp. On April 6th 1945, around 28,500 prisoners from the Buchenwald concentration camp were evacuated, one in four died in the death march. On April 11, 1945, just before the American army (a patrol unit from the 6th US Armored Division) liberated the camp, the German guards and officers fled, and the inmates took over. The inmates greeted the American army, which was liberated on April 11. The American army took over the management of the camp. Soon after, the camp was handed over to the Red Army. The camp was located in German territory that was occupied by the Soviets. Renamed as Camp 2, Buchenwald held German prisoners of war between 1945 and 1950, and 7,000 of them died there.

During the Pacific War of World War II, members of the Tokyo Fire Defense Corps who had been mobilized for the Great Tokyo Air Raid collected the bodies of Tokyo residents who had died in the air raid and buried them temporarily in a park.

　　In the Pacific War of World War II, members of the Civil Defense Corps who had been mobilized collected the bodies of Tokyo residents who had died in the Great Tokyo Air Raid and buried them temporarily in trucks (photo provided by the Naihi Times). The members of the Civil Defense Corps who were ordered to work on a quota basis from each ward were in charge of collecting the bodies and carrying out the temporary burials. First, the bodies were collected into trucks and taken to Sarue Park, Sumida Park (on the Asakusa and Honjo sides), or Kinshi Park, where they were sorted into two groups: those whose names and addresses were known, and those whose names and addresses were unknown. Temporary burials were carried out two to three days later, in response to requests from the next of kin. The bodies of those who had died in a way that affected the morale of the Japanese people were quickly buried in a way that kept them out of sight. The number of bodies that were buried in this way was only roughly known.

　The American air raids on Tokyo that began in November 1944 caused little damage at first, as the hope was small, and apart from casualties caused by bombs penetrating the ground, there were few deaths even among those affected by incendiary bombs. From the end of 1944, the number of fire districts caused by incendiary bombs increased, and deaths from fires began to occur.

　There were problems with collecting the bodies, but the most extensive and tragic of these was the Great Tokyo Air Raid that took place from the night of March 9th to March 10th, 1945. An enormous number of people died in the area from Koto Ward to Asakusa and Nihonbashi near the Sumida River. Tokyo residents were unable to escape the fire by abandoning their possessions and staying in their burning homes to fight the fire. The area of downtown across the Sumida River was turned into a sea of fire by the carpet bombs, and many Tokyo citizens who had been trying to prevent fires were almost all burned to death or suffocated by the smoke. The bodies were piled up from Shirahige Bridge to Azumabashi Bridge, and the riverside was filled with corpses, and the bodies were scattered in both Sumida Park and Meijiza Theater. 

In the Fourth Middle East War, a Palestinian terrorist who was fighting against the Israeli army in 1973 died when the explosives he had brought into the Israeli army across the Golan Heights accidentally detonated.

　　In the fourth Middle East War, in 1973, a Palestinian terrorist who was fighting against the Israeli army died when the explosives he had brought into the Israeli army across the Golan Heights accidentally detonated. The bodies of the Palestinians lay scattered across the desert. In the summer of 1972, Palestinian terrorists infiltrated the Munich Olympics and killed 11 Israeli athletes. Palestinian terrorist groups demonstrated their ability to carry out large-scale, high-profile attacks targeting Israel outside the Middle East. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were a number of incidents, including the 1974 Ma'alot school massacre, the 1978 Coastal Road massacre, and the 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking.

　The fourth Middle East War broke out on October 6th 1973, when a coalition of Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on the Israeli army on Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement), the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. By October 10, 1973, the Israeli army had driven back the Syrian army in the north and stopped the Egyptian army stationed in the Sinai Peninsula. Although the Soviet missiles were vulnerable when attacking the bridges of the Suez Canal and the Syrian and Egyptian armies, the Israeli fighter jets were able to freely attack the Egyptian and Syrian air forces at the time. A powerful counteroffensive was launched against the Syrian army, and the Syrian army's defensive line was pushed back. There was a concern that the Soviet Union, Syria's patron, would enter the war, so the threat to the Syrian capital of Damascus was averted.

　　Having weakened the Syrian army's fighting strength, the Israeli army then focused all its efforts on the Suez front. The Egyptian army's tank corps advanced eastwards, particularly aiming to secure the Mitla Pass. The Egyptian army was repelled in a large-scale tank battle with Israeli tanks and fighter jets. This victory encouraged the Israeli generals, who usually did not agree, and they launched a decisive counterattack. The aim was to cross the Suez Canal in the area of Lake Bitah and turn the situation around. Despite some difficulties, they secured a bridgehead and gradually expanded it, although they encountered unexpectedly strong Egyptian resistance on the eastern side of the Suez Canal. As a result, the Egyptian Third Army was almost completely isolated. Realizing that Egypt was facing total defeat, the Soviet delegation, with support from the United States and the Soviet Union, decided on a ceasefire on October 24, 1973, by the United Nations Security Council.

The Arab states felt vindicated by their initial success in October 1973. Meanwhile, Israel, despite the outcome of the fourth Middle East War, recognized the uncertainty of future Israeli military control. The fourth Middle East War contributed to the peace process between Israel and Palestine. The 1978 Camp David Accords, in which Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, led to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, in which Egypt became the first Arab country to recognize Israel.

 

　

The bodies of Hutu Rwandan refugees were dumped by the side of the road in Kibumba refugee camp. A truck came and loaded the bodies and took them

　The bodies of Hutu Rwandan refugees were dumped by the roadside in the Kibumba refugee camp. A truck later came and loaded the bodies onto the truck and took them away. It is estimated that around 1.2 million Rwandan refugees fled to the Zaire Republic after the outbreak of civil war in their own country. The Kibumba Refugee Camp in Zaire is located about 40 minutes north of Goma, close to the border with Rwanda, and was built on the ruins of the Rwanda Refugee Camp. Refugees gathered from places such as Rugare, which is about 10km away, and Tongo, which is about 40km away. The Givumba refugee camp was run by the refugees themselves, and the UN and NGOs provided services within the refugee camp under an agreement with the refugee committee.

　In the Republic of Rwanda, there was conflict between the minority Tutsi tribe and the majority Hutu tribe from the 16th century. In 1990, a civil war broke out between the Hutu government army and the Tutsi Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF ) broke out. A ceasefire agreement was reached in August 1993, but in April 1994, the plane carrying President Habyarimana was shot down, and the civil war broke out again and intensified. The large number of refugees created by the civil war poured into Zaire, Tanzania and Uganda. In July 1994, a new Rwandan government was established, and more than 1.4 million Rwandan refugees poured into Zaire, particularly into the Goma and Bukavu areas. As a result, the refugee camps in Goma and Bukavu were hit by an outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera and dysentery, and at one point, nearly 2,000 people a day were dying, plunging the area into a tragic state of crisis.

　The Hutu side, who had massacred around 800,000 people, were deeply scarred by the fact that they had been defeated in Rwanda, and a large number of refugees fled to the Republic of Congo to escape the defeat. The Tutsi (RPF) who had taken power in the Republic of Rwanda pursued the Hutu who had been killed. They invaded deep into Congolese territory in search of the Hutu murderers. The Hutu, who had become the defeated party, launched a cross-border attack on Rwanda from the refugee camp in Congolese territory, believing that they would be able to return to their homeland of Rwanda. The Rwandan genocide transformed into the Congolese War between 1994 and 1999.

This is a photograph taken on December 6th, 1946, of the moderate damage to the Nagasaki Higher Commercial School (Nagasaki College of Economics, about 3km from the hypocenter) that was exposed to the Nagasaki atomic bomb.

　　　　　Undisclosed photos of Japanese

 　　　　　　　A-bomb survivors

　　　U.S. Atomic Bomb Surveys

The National Archives College Park, Maryland

　　　　　　　　　　February 22, 2024        

　　　　　　SC-273263                              

SC-273263

487

FEC-47-70154

6 DECEMBER 1946

WRECKAGE AT THE COMMERCIAL SCHOOL IN NAGASAKI.

PHOTOGRAPHER: DR. PS. HENSHAW

Atomic Bomb DESTRUCTION DAMAGE 

RELEASED FOR PUBLICATION,BUREAU OF PUBLIC RELATIONS, WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON

Photograph by Signal Corps US. ARMY

14468

Postscript: The school building was only slightly damaged and was used as a relief center for A-bomb survivors. After September 1945, the temporary headquarters of Nagasaki Medical College (the forerunner of Nagasaki University's School of Medicine), which had been devastated near the hypocenter, was moved here. In October, it was moved to Shinkozen Elementary School.

The Israeli army bombed Ain Derb in southern Lebanon at the end of September 2024. Many people were killed or injured that weekend, and a woman wailed and mourned at a mass funeral held on October 1st 2024.

　　The Israeli army bombed Ain Derbe in southern Lebanon at the end of September 2024. Following the large number of deaths that occurred over the weekend, women wept at a mass funeral held on October 1st 2024. The Lebanese Ministry of Defense announced that the death toll from the Israeli military's attack on Ain Dherab on September 29 had reached 45.

　　From October 1, 2024, the Israeli military invaded southern Lebanon across the border and launched a ground attack against the Iran-backed Islamic Shiite militant group Hezbollah. The aim was to keep Hezbollah forces away from the Israeli border. First, the Israel Defense Forces began ground raids against Hezbollah terrorist targets and infrastructure in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah, a Lebanese militia and political party supported by Iran, began firing on Israel on October 8th in order to support Hamas, which has been at war with Israel since the terrorist attack on October 7th, 2023.

　　The history of conflict between Israel and Lebanon began on March 11, 1978, when Israeli forces invaded Lebanon in pursuit of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) militants who had attacked a civilian bus near Tel Aviv, killing 35 people and injuring 71. Israeli soldiers spent about a week in southern Lebanon, driving the PLO north of the Litani River in Lebanon. In 1982, the Israeli army invaded southern Lebanon and drove out the PLO, which was based in Lebanon, again. The war-born Hezbollah has been a designated U.S. terrorist organization since 1997, and receives financial support from Iran and has pledged allegiance to Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shiite militia was formed in the early 1980s with the aim of resisting Israeli forces. Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon in 2000, and Hezbollah gained popularity. In August 2006, a month-long war broke out between the two countries, with both aerial bombardment and ground attacks. The 34-day conflict left around 1,200 people dead in Lebanon and 43 in Israel. For the next 17 years, the two countries followed UN Security Council Resolution 1701, and kept hostilities at a minimum along the border.

Warning: A woman mourns during a funeral Tuesday for people killed over the weekend in Israeli strikes on Ain Deleb in southern Lebanon.　(Amr Abdallah Dalsh / Reuters)

Soviet soldiers and civilians walked past the bodies of three German soldiers from the 1st Battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment, who had died in hand-to-hand combat in the city of Mogilev in Belarus, which was then part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, ignoring them.

　　Soviet soldiers and civilians walked past the bodies of three German soldiers from the 1st Battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment, who had been killed in hand-to-hand combat on the streets of Mogilev in Belarus, which was then part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The city was liberated by the 2nd Belorussian Front, led by Major General I.D. Chernyakhovsky, on June 28th 1944. Mogilev, defended by the 39th Army, part of the German Army's 4th Army, was overwhelmed by the “Bagration Operation”, a large-scale summer offensive by the Soviet Army. The German Army's Central Group lost more than 30 divisions in this operation, and it became the largest defeat of the German Army in World War II.

　　Mogilev was badly destroyed, and everything was dead. The main streets were filled with the bodies of German soldiers. The German soldiers, who had fallen into a panic, retreated as they passed by. From the ambulances, the cries and groans of the wounded German soldiers could be heard. In the ruins of the city along the road, the corpses were scattered on the road, trampled on, and desperate cries could be heard. Hitler had ordered that Mogilev be defended to the last man.

　　The Mogilev Offensive by the Soviet Red Army on the Eastern Front of World War II was part of the Belorussian Strategic Offensive, and was called Operation Bagration. By capturing the city of Mogilev in Belarus, it overwhelmed a large part of the German 4th Army. The Mogilev Offensive began on the morning of June 23rd with heavy artillery fire from the Soviet Red Army against the German defensive line. Operation Bagration was the codename for the Soviet Union's strategic offensive in Belarus in 1944. It took place from June 22nd to August 19th, 1944. Operation Bagration on the Eastern Front of World War II occurred just over two weeks after the Normandy Landings on the Western Front, and for the first time since the start of the war, the German army encountered two major fronts simultaneously. The Soviet Red Army completely shattered the German army front line by destroying 28 of the 34 divisions of the German Army Group Center. The overall engagement was the greatest defeat in the history of the German army, with approximately 450,000 German casualties. Meanwhile, another 300,000 German soldiers were cut off in the Kursk Pocket.

　　On June 22, 1944, the Soviet Red Army attacked the German Army Group Center in Belarus, encircled and destroyed its main component forces, and by June 28, the German Army's 4th Army, along with the bulk of the 3rd Panzer and 9th Armies, had collapsed. The Soviet Red Army, taking advantage of the collapse of the German front line, surrounded the German formation near Minsk with the Minsk Offensive, and Minsk was liberated on July 4th. With the effective resistance of the German army in Belarus over, the Soviet Red Army's offensive continued into Lithuania, Poland and Romania from July to August.

In Salisbury, Rhodesia, nationalist guerrillas operating in the Inyanga Mountains near the border with Mozambique rounded up and gunned down 27 tea plantation workers late on December 19, 1976; the wives and families of the 27 stared down at the bodies of their relatives, who had been killed in the massacre of a tea plantation worker in the mountains of the Inyanga Mountains near the border with Mozambique.

アフリカのローデシア戦争におけるテロリストの標的の一つは、白人が所有する農園で働くアフリカ人労働者であった。アフリカ人労働者は裏切り者とみなされて、1976年にはモザンビーク国境近くの紅茶農園で、27人の労働者が一斉に捕らえられて、銃殺された。アフリカ人労働者の家族らは恐怖に震えて見詰めた。ローデシアのソールズベリーにて、モザンビークとの国境に近いイニャンガ山脈で活動する民族主義ゲリラは、27人の茶園労働者を1976年12月19日遅くに一網打尽に銃殺した。無残にも銃殺された27人の妻や家族は、親族の亡骸を見詰めた。ローデシア治安部隊によると、民族主義ゲリラが茶園労働者を別の茶園に連れて行って、そこで殺害した。

　ローデシア・ブッシュ戦争(Rhodesian Bush War）は、1964年7月から1979年12月にかけて、国連の未承認国であるローデシアで起こった内戦である。この内戦では3つの勢力が対立する紛争が勃発した。イアン・スミスが率いるローデシア政府軍、ロバート・ムガベ率いるジンバブエ・アフリカ民族同盟の軍部であるジンバブエ・アフリカ民族解放軍、ジョシュア・ンコモのジンバブエ・アフリカ人民連合のジンバブエ人民革命軍と、3つの勢力が互いに対立して紛争した。この内戦とそれに続く1978年にスミスとムゾレワが調印した内部和解により、1979年6月に普通選挙が実施されて、ローデシアにおける少数派の白人支配は終わりを告げた。黒人多数派政府の下でジンバブエ・ローデシアと改名された。しかし、この新秩序は国際的な承認を得ることができず、内戦は継続した。

　1979年12月、ジンバブエ・ローデシア政府、イギリス政府、ムガベとンコモの統一「愛国戦線」の交渉がロンドンのランカスター・ハウスで行われ、ランカスター・ハウス協定が調印された。一時的にイギリスの支配下に戻り、1980年3月にイギリスと英連邦の監督の下で新たな選挙が行われた。この選挙でジンバブエ・アフリカ民族解放軍(ZANU)が勝利し、ムガベは1980年4月18日にジンバブエの初代首相となり、国際的に承認され独立を達成した。ローデシア政府の統計によると、1964年から1982年の間に、ローデシア軍兵士2,000人以上、ゲリラ15,000人以上、黒人市民10,590人、白人市民1,247人を含む、合計20,000人から30,000人が殺害された。