On April 12, 1927, the Chinese Nationalist Party army massacred Communist activists in Shanghai. This purge, which occurred at the height of the power struggle between the Nationalist Party's left and right factions, spread to other regions, accompanied by further massacres of Chinese leftists and Communist Party members.

 　On April 12, 1927, the Chinese Nationalist Party army massacred Communist activists in Shanghai. They also suppressed the Communist uprising in Guangdong Province. The Nationalist army, police, and secret police subdued disarmed workers and picket lines, dissolving labor unions. This purge, the culmination of the power struggle between the Kuomintang's left and right factions, spread to other regions, accompanied by further massacres of Chinese leftists and Communist Party members. Chiang Kai-shek, who held power, troubled by the alliance with the Chinese Communist Party and Soviet interference, resorted to decisive measures. In April 1927, he launched an anti-Communist revolution and established an authoritarian regime.

　The Kuomintang government established a national government with Guangzhou as its capital and began the fight for Chinese unification. Chiang Kai-shek served as Commander-in-Chief of the Army. From October to December 1925, forces under his command occupied Guangdong Province. In July 1926, they began their Northern Expedition based on Soviet plans. In the autumn of 1926, Chiang Kai-shek's forces captured Wuhan. By February 1927, they had seized Nanjing, and by March of the same year, they had taken Shanghai. After occupying Nanjing, Chiang moved the capital there and established the National Government, which gained support from some northern warlord factions.

　He and his supporters believed their objectives had been achieved and argued that reform activities should now commence. However, the Chinese Communist Party insisted that the revolution should continue and that the path of socialist construction should be pursued. In 1927, the revolutionary camp split. Plagued by the alliance with the Chinese Communist Party and Soviet interference, Chiang Kai-shek resorted to decisive measures, launching an anti-communist revolution in April 1927 and establishing an authoritarian regime.

Chiang unified and brought China under his control. The Communist uprising in Nanchang ended in failure. Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and China were severed. The Chinese Communist Party launched a guerrilla struggle against the Kuomintang. Amidst the struggle between the Chinese Communist Party and the Ho Minh Doctrine, the ideology guiding Chinese communists took shape. Revolution in China would primarily take the form of peasant and guerrilla warfare. From 1930 to 1934, Chiang Kai-shek's forces achieved five victories against the Soviet regions established by the Communist Party. The Chinese Soviet system movement was defeated but did not disappear.