The Thammasat University Massacre was an incident that occurred during the coup d'état in the Kingdom of Thailand on October 6, 1976. Five to six bodies were laid out in close proximity. A man is using a brick to drive a long piece of wood into the ground.

   On October 6, 1976, within the grounds of Thammasat University in Thailand, numerous students and civilians were massacred and lynched by border police and right-wing mass organizations. The October 6 Incident, also known as the Bloody Wednesday Incident or the Thammasat University Massacre, occurred during the coup d'état in the Kingdom of Thailand on October 6, 1976. Five to six bodies were laid out in close proximity. A man is using a brick to drive a long piece of wood into the ground. 

    The Thammasat University Massacre resulted in deaths due to violent suppression by Thai police and extrajudicial killings by paramilitary groups and right-wing mobs. Leftist students and protesters were massacred on Thaprachan Road and within and in front of Thammasat University at Sanam Luang. On October 6, students, workers, and demonstrators protesting the return of former military regime Prime Minister Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn on September 19, as well as those occupying Thammasat University, were massacred. Thai police used military-grade weapons to suppress the protests, after which right-wing groups collaborated with police to carry out vigilante-style reprisals. Official death tolls ranged from 45 to as many as 500. Causes of death included gunshot wounds, beatings, and burning. 

   Following the events of October 14, 1973, communist forces and various right-wing groups emerged in neighboring countries like Vietnam and Cambodia. They sabotaged leftist movements, leading to multiple incidents resulting in deaths. Military factions plotted a new coup. The October 14, 1973 uprising overthrew the Thanom military regime, forcing Thanom to flee from Thailand to neighboring Singapore.

On the Western Front during World War II, in the Battle of Arras in 1940, a British soldier was killed by German gunfire. Nearby, a jeep carrying German officers and soldiers glided across the grassland.

　　On the Western Front during World War II, in the Battle of Arras in 1940, a British soldier was killed by German gunfire. Nearby, a jeep carrying German officers and soldiers glided across the grassland. A German soldier in the back seat caught sight of the British soldier's corpse.

　　By May 21, 1940, the French Army had been weakened. German armored units broke through the Ardennes Forest and advanced toward French ports along the English Channel. The hinge connecting the British Expeditionary Force and French forces fighting in northern France and Belgium with the main French force fighting in the south was destroyed. To cut off the Germans, British and French tanks and infantry launched an attack at Arras.

　　British forces were confused, demoralized, and exhausted. Armor, infantry, and artillery struggled to coordinate. The German Air Force seized air superiority. On the afternoon of May 21, a two-pronged British attack commenced, with tanks penetrating the flanks of German supply columns and inflicting damage. Though British tanks advanced, the absence of supporting infantry made the situation difficult.

　　German artillery counterattacked the British. German infantry forced British tanks to withdraw, then held back the advancing British infantry, resuming combat. Disruption and lack of coordination between British units and French forces ultimately forced the British to halt their attack. British armored units penetrated 16 km, capturing hundreds of Germans and temporarily disrupting German supply lines.

　　Long-term, the Battle of Arras led Adolf Hitler and many generals to overestimate the British attack and fear its precursors. It prompted demands to contain British forces around Arras rather than continue supporting German operations along the coast. Hitler's order to halt the attack facilitated the evacuation from Dunkirk, saving British and French troops. In the Battle of Arras, British forces suffered approximately 500 casualties, while German forces suffered about 350 casualties.

On July 20, 2025, in the Gaza Strip of Palestine, over 60 Palestinians receiving aid were killed in an Israeli attack. The bodies of those killed lay on the floor in front of Al-Shifa Hospital.

   On July 20, 2025, over 60 Palestinians receiving aid were killed in Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip. Bodies of those killed lay on the floor outside Al-Shifa Hospital. Palestinians seeking aid continue to face attacks daily. Hunger has reached critical levels in the Gaza Strip, with many risking their lives to obtain food.

   According to the Israeli military database, at least 83% of the dead in Gaza were civilians. Over 83% of the dead in Gaza were civilians, and the confirmed proportion of civilian deaths is over 86%. According to classified information from May 2025, Israel killed approximately 8,900 combatants in its Gaza offensive. The death tolls for Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) armed groups significantly contradicted official Israeli military accounts of the war. The ratio of civilian to militant casualties was either 1:1 or 2:1. The Israeli military, managed by the Military Intelligence Directorate, compiled the casualty figures for Hamas militants. This included a list of 47,653 Palestinian deaths in Gaza. Of these, 34,973 were identified as Hamas activists and 12,702 as Islamic Jihad activists.

   The IDF has killed approximately 8,900 operatives since October 7, 2023. Of these, 7,330 were confirmed killed. The remaining 1,570 were recorded as possibly killed. Out of the total 750, 100 to 300 were senior Hamas operative commanders. The daily death toll figures released by the Gaza Ministry of Health are considered reliable even by the Israeli military. The casualty ratio can be calculated. The more they killed, the more successful they claimed to be, lying about the number of people killed. Even if hundreds of terrorists were killed in all the airstrikes, they were not terrorists. Israel has killed only one-fifth of the militants. 

Warning: Bodies of Palestinians killed while seeking aid, Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza City, northern Gaza Strip, July 20, 2025. (Yousef Zaanoun/Activestills)

During World War II, in April 1945, the German Müncheberg Panzer Division's Panther tanks were destroyed by the advancing Soviet Red Army in the outskirts of Berlin. The bodies of German soldiers lay scattered around them.

     During World War II, in April 1945, the Panther tanks of the German Müncheberg Panzer Division collapsed under the Soviet Red Army's advance in the outskirts of Berlin. The bodies of German soldiers were scattered around them. On March 12, 1945, the division's strength was 6,836 men; by April 13, the division's strength had been reduced to 2,000 men.

     In the final days of Nazi Germany, to avoid inevitable defeat due to manpower shortages in March 1945, the German military concentrated its last desperate reserve forces in Berlin. The Müncheberg Panzer Division began forming on March 8, 1945, in Müncheberg, Germany. On March 18, infantry battalion soldiers were used to reinforce the division's strength. As Soviet forces advanced near Müncheberg, the Müncheberg Division was ordered to move to the Eastern Front. On March 22, a large-scale Soviet operation to cut the Küstrin Corridor commenced. On March 27, a Soviet counterattack struck the division. The attack soon descended into chaos, forcing a disorderly retreat.

    On April 16, the Soviet Red Army launched an offensive to cross the Alte Oder River, aiming to capture Berlin. On April 20, the Müncheberg Division retreated to Berlin. On April 26, the Müncheberg Division's advance was immediately halted by a Soviet counterattack. In the early morning of April 27, Hitler ordered the flooding of Berlin's underground tunnels to halt the Soviet advance. Many German soldiers and civilians who had taken refuge in the tunnels drowned. At the Anhalter S-Bahn station, water suddenly flooded the station, and amid screams, sobs, and curses, many people drowned. On April 30, Hitler committed suicide. By May 1, the Müncheberg Division had been pushed back to Tiergarten. On May 3, the Müncheberg Division came under Soviet artillery fire, was surrounded by Soviet forces, and was annihilated.

Palestinian armed groups shot and killed a 25-year-old Palestinian man accused of collaborating with Israel on Al-Jalaa Street in central Gaza City on April 22, 2002. Ashraf Awida was executed by firing squad in central Gaza.

　　Palestinian armed groups shot and killed a 25-year-old Palestinian collaborator with Israel on April 22, 2002, on Al-Jalaa Street in central Gaza City. Ashraf Awida was executed by a firing squad in central Gaza. He had been employed as a Palestinian intelligence agent working for Israel's Zionist intelligence agency. Palestinian informants who passed intelligence to the Zionists led to the assassination of Salah Shehade, a senior operative who founded Hamas.

　　Palestinian informants who sent intelligence to the Zionists led to the assassination of Salah Shehade, a senior operative who founded Hamas. Salah Shehade was one of the founders of the Palestinian armed group Hamas and was the commander of its military wing. He founded Hamas and its military wing in December 1987.

　　For two years prior to his assassination by an Israeli military airstrike on July 23, 2002, Salah Shehade planned, developed, and nurtured the terrorist infrastructure of Hamas's military organization. Salah Shehade viewed all of “historic Palestine” as sacred Islamic territory subject to a religious obligation to be completely and immediately liberated from the Jews. Through suicide attacks, he orchestrated the killing of four Israeli soldiers on January 9, 2002, and the massacre of five high school students in Azmona on March 7, 2002. 

　　Jihad regarded historic Palestine as sacred Islamic territory with a religious obligation to liberate it from Jews. Salah Shehade fostered Islamic extremists who regarded jihad as the legitimate path. For Palestinian youth, volunteering for jihad suicide squads—Islamic warfare against non-Muslims—was considered honorable. He also established principles to religiously sanction the use of women and young girls as suicide bombers.

In April 1994 in Rwanda, Tutsis were rounded up and herded to Muranzi, where approximately 50,000 were gathered at the Muranzi Technical School and almost all were massacred by Hutus.

 　　Over a two-week period in April 1994, Tutsis were taken to Muranzi, either led there or forcibly transported, with an estimated 50,000 gathered at the Muranzi Technical School. This effectively weakened Tutsi resistance in Muranzi. Hutus who fled to Muranzi were separated to avoid being caught up in the genocide and given a safe place at a private secondary school. Only 34 people survived the Muranzi massacre of 50,000. 

　　After Hutu set fire to Tutsi homes, they fled to the Gikongo church and were then directed to seek refuge at the Muranzi Technical School. On April 21, 1994, Hutu forces surrounded the school and launched a full-scale attack with guns and grenades. The Muranzi Technical School sat atop a hill, open on both sides with no cover. Tutsis hiding in the main building, classrooms, and outside were killed. On April 22, Hutu leaders and French soldiers organized bulldozers to dig mass graves.

　　The bodies of Tutsi victims exhumed in Gikongoro Province in September 1995 were tightly packed, preventing oxygen penetration, and the bodies showed little decomposition. Muranzi is one of six national genocide memorial sites in Rwanda. In the school classrooms, 848 preserved bodies are displayed on wooden tables. Bodies lay on white wooden racks. Actual bodies covered in lime still retained some hair. Uncorrupted bodies were preserved from the mass graves.

During the Moscow riots of 1993, rebels barricaded themselves inside the Russian Supreme Soviet building. The Defense Ministry's tank units fired on the building, and the room where rebel leader Greer was staying was hit directly, killing him.

During the Moscow riots of 1993, rebels barricaded themselves inside the Russian Supreme Soviet building. Tanks from the National Guard fired on the building, directly hitting the room where rebel leader Greer was staying and killing him. After the riots ended, Russian government coroners performed autopsies on the bodies of the rebels.

The October 1993 coup d'état was an internal political conflict that took place in Moscow, Russian Federation, from September 21 to October 4. It involved armed clashes on the streets of Moscow and subsequent military action, during which at least 158 people were killed and 423 were wounded or otherwise injured. Boris Yeltsin continued to exercise the authority of the Russian President and was supported by the leadership of the government and security agencies. On October 3, demonstrators broke through the siege of the Soviet Union's parliament building and occupied the Moscow City Hall. On October 4, riot police loyal to Yeltsin gathered in Moscow, firing tanks at the White House and storming the building. As a result of these events, Russia established a semi-authoritarian regime, implementing managed democracy and a super-presidential system.

On September 17, 1992, representatives of the Russian Union Assembly declared at a press conference the overthrow of President Yeltsin and the Russian government. On September 21, 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 1400, ordering the suspension of the activities of the Supreme Soviet, the highest authority, and the State Duma, the permanent legislative body. The Supreme Soviet and the Provisional People's Deputies Council rejected the presidential decree. On October 3-4, troops entering central Moscow subjected the Soviet White House to tank fire, stormed the building, and arrested the remaining leaders of the uprising. After the explosions, riot police and APCs began firing automatic rifles into crowds outside the television center, killing at least 46 people. On October 4, the National Guard stormed the White House and shelled the Supreme Soviet building.

Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba on Friday explicitly affirmed his commitment to the historical understanding of World War II expressed by successive cabinets, October10,2025.

 Ishiba delivers message on WWII

The Yomiuri Shimbun

 Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba on Friday explicitly affirmed his commitment to the historical understanding of World War II expressed by successive cabinets, including then Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's statement marking the 70th anniversary of the war's end.

  In his statement marking the 80th anniversary, he noted, "Past statements by former prime ministers have not sufficiently addressed the question of why that war could not be avoided," and called for reflection on the problems within the domestic political system at the time.

  "On this milestone, I wish to contemplate this together with the people," he added.

 He pointed out five specific problems: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which lacked the principle of civilian control over the military; the government losing control over the military; the failure of parliament to provide oversight; media that actively supported the war; and inadequate intelligence gathering and analysis that failed to accurately grasp the international situation.

  He expressed his view that "there was no mechanism to appropriately integrate politics and the military, and the military went out of control in the name of ensuring the independence of its supreme command."

  While saying that there are institution- al measures now in place to prevent these problems, Ishiba emphasized that "irresponsible populism" and "narrow-minded nationalism" must never be allowed, in order for the political system to continue to be operated as it should be.

  "We must always be humble before history and inscribe the lessons from it on our heart," he said.

The Japan News on The Yomiuri Shimbun, October 11, 2025. 

Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba delivers his message marking the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II in Tokyo on Friday.

https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/103/statement/2025/1010kaiken.html　(出典：首相官邸ホームページ)

https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUA10A3M0Q5A011C2000000/

During the Battle of Kursk on the Eastern Front in World War II, Soviet infantrymen continued fighting the German army on July 10, 1943, even as comrades fell dead or lay dying beside them.

第二次世界大戦の東部戦線のクルスクの戦いで、ソ連軍の歩兵たちが1943年7月10日に仲間の一人が死んだり、隣で瀕死の状態になってもドイツ軍と戦い続けた。クルスクの戦いで、ソ連軍の先遣部隊が、クルスクの戦いでドイツ軍の塹壕で戦った。

　7月10日には、ドイツ軍の歩兵の損耗増加とドイツ第9軍の予備兵力のすべてを投入して、12km侵攻したのみで完全に停止し、北部のドイツ軍の攻撃は5日間で終了した。7月10日からは、ドイツ軍はプロホロフカ方面に戦力を結集させて再び攻撃を開始した。ソ連軍の第48装甲軍団と第2SS装甲軍団の攻撃により、ドイツ軍の第6親衛軍と第1戦車軍は大きな損害を受けた。ドイツ軍第6親衛軍の陣地は2箇所で大きな突破口を開けらた。

　クルスクの戦いは、第二次世界大戦中の1943年に、東部戦線（独ソ戦）ソビエト連邦（以下ソ連）の都市であるクルスク周辺をめぐり、ナチス・ドイツ軍とソ連軍（赤軍）との間で行われた。北部ドイツ軍は消耗が激しく、もはや広大な戦線で大攻勢をかける力がなかったため、局地的な攻勢を行って東部戦線を安定させ、予想される西側連合国の大陸反攻に備えて必要な予備兵力を確保することが計画された。1943年7月5日から8月23日のクルスクの戦いは、第二次世界大戦の東部戦線の決定的な転換点となった。史上最大の戦車戦とドイツの攻撃力の最終的な喪失で幕を閉じた。4,000両以上の戦車と280万人の兵士を擁したクルスクは、世界史上最大の戦闘となり、ドイツ戦車部隊の墓場となった。ドイツ軍の戦死・戦傷・捕虜は364,000人、ロシア軍は863000人の犠牲を伴った。クルスクの戦い後、ドイツ軍は二度と大規模な攻勢をできず、ソ連軍は終戦まで主導権を握り続けた。

 

On June 27, 2025, forensic experts conducted an autopsy on the remains of a Ukrainian soldier returned to Kyiv. A strong, putrid smell like rotting flesh hung in the back room of the morgue.

     On June 27, 2025, forensic experts conducted autopsies on the bodies of Ukrainian soldiers returned to Kyiv. After completing the examinations, forensic expert Nikolaychuk and his assistant returned the bodies to white bags and transported them to a truck-sized refrigerator nearby. Back at the morgue, Nikolaychuk immediately performed autopsies on three other bodies in separate bags. One was a man with a gray beard, another was a decomposed corpse, and the third was torn to shreds with its skull split clean in two. 

     A pungent, putrid smell hung in the back room of the morgue on the outskirts of Kyiv, Ukraine's capital. The source of the odor was a large white bag placed on a metal table. When experts opened it, they found muddy military boots, a mummified corpse, and a small black bag containing a skull. This was all that remained of a Ukrainian soldier who had returned from Russian captivity. The task of identifying who he was began. 

     Ms. Konopatska has identified over 1,000 bodies, both civilian and military, during the war. DNA samples are taken from the bodies of Ukrainian soldiers returned to Kyiv. After finishing work on several bodies, others are immediately brought in. According to the police organization investigating war crimes, approximately 80% of the bodies of Ukrainian soldiers returned by Russia were skeletal remains or mummified corpses. Some had their throats slit, hands bound, or were stabbed—all signs of extrajudicial executions. During the repatriation of Ukrainian soldiers' bodies, soldiers were always present; other remains were dissected, and fragments of medical waste were sewn onto them.

Warning: Forensic experts examine the remains of a Ukrainian soldier whose body was returned to Kyiv on June 27, 2025 / Photo: Christopher Occhicone

On the Western Front during World War I, the British Expeditionary Force paid the price of glory at the Battle of Néry on September 1, 1914, where the corpses of artillerymen were found in Nelle village with their arms raised in rigor mortis.

　One of the most heroic actions performed by the British Expeditionary Force during the retreat from Mons to the Marne on the Western Front in World War I was the Battle of Neilly near Compiègne on September 1, 1914. As the price of glory, the body of a British soldier from the Neilly Artillery, killed in action, lay in Neilly village with his arms raised in rigor mortis. A single battery of the Royal Horse Artillery, supporting the retreat of the Third Corps alongside the British 1st Cavalry Brigade, held off the entire German 4th Cavalry Division—twice its strength—for several hours. This battery, equipped with six 13-pounder guns in 1914, was known as “L (Nery) Battery, Royal Horse Artillery.” Casualties at the Battle of Nelle were 135 British killed or wounded, with German casualties unknown. 

　The Royal Horse Artillery's L Battery accompanied the cavalry brigade to Nelle. They received orders to block two roads extending east and south from the sugar factory. The unit continued its march at 0430 hours on September 1st. Exhausted soldiers and horses rested under the scorching sun. A quiet stillness hung over the small village, the encampments, and the narrow valley bottom flanked by hills to the east and west. The artillerymen were grouped together, their horses tethered, awaiting orders. Just before 5:00 AM, the unit's sole hope was “a hearty breakfast.”

　The moment they stepped inside the houses, high-explosive shells exploded overhead, and the roar of artillery and rifle fire erupted from the heights overlooking the eastern side of Nelli. A reconnaissance unit sent to scout the high ground north of Nelli encountered German cavalry in the fog and was forced to retreat under pursuit. By approximately 0505, the 1st Cavalry Brigade was under complete surprise attack. British cavalry and horse artillery were caught at a disadvantage as heavy artillery, machine guns, and rifle fire rained down on the encampments surrounding the village. Each unit attempted effective resistance, holding out until reinforcements arrived from neighboring units.

On March 18, 2025, in Gaza City, a woman carried the body of her child to Al-Ahli Hospital following Israeli airstrikes across the Gaza Strip. Of the 404 people killed, at least 263 were women or children under the age of 18.

　　On March 18, 2025, in Gaza City, a woman carried the body of her child to Al-Ahli Hospital following Israeli airstrikes across the Gaza Strip. According to Gaza's Ministry of Health, of the 404 people killed on March 18, at least 263 were women or children under the age of 18.

　　A ceasefire was broken by Israeli military attacks on Gaza, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Palestinians. On March 18, the Israeli military launched airstrikes across the entire Gaza Strip. In the most intense attack since the ceasefire took effect on January 19, 2025, Israel stated it was targeting sites belonging to the armed group Hamas. Gaza's Health Ministry reported that over 400 people were killed and hundreds injured in the airstrikes, with more than half of the dead being women and children. 

　　The Israeli military's attacks could signal a full-scale resumption of war. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated on March 18 that all ceasefire negotiations would take place “under fire.” Hamas warned that Israeli shelling endangered the approximately 20 Israeli hostages still alive in Hamas captivity. The Palestinian militant group has for weeks demanded talks on a second phase of the ceasefire agreement. Both Israel and the United States rejected Hamas' refusal to release the hostages before negotiations to end the war could proceed. They condemned it as not part of the ceasefire agreement and a cause for renewed hostilities. The administration of U.S. President Donald Trump supported Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's decision to unilaterally withdraw from the ceasefire brokered by President Trump.

Warning: A woman carries the body of a child to Al-Ahli hospital following overnight Israeli airstrikes across the Gaza Strip, in Gaza City, Tuesday, March 18, 2025. (AP Photo/Jehad Alshrafi)

During World War II in Italy, thousands of partisans who resisted Benito Mussolini's fascism and the Nazi occupation forces lost their lives by hanging.

   During World War II in Italy, thousands of partisans who resisted Benito Mussolini's fascism and the Nazi occupation forces lost their lives by hanging.

  On September 12, 1943, Mussolini, liberated by German SS troops, established the Salò Republic—a puppet regime under Nazi Germany—alongside his most ardent fascist supporters. The name derived from the small northern town of Salò on Lake Garda, where he established his headquarters. Nazi Germany and the Fascists began persecuting Italian Jews, though many were saved by the local population. Meanwhile, anti-Fascist partisans waged a brutal civil war against Nazi Germany and Mussolini's militias. In response to Resistance actions, the Fascists and Nazi German forces carried out horrific reprisals, such as the massacre at the Alderina Caves. There, 320 Italians were shot in retaliation for a terrorist attack that killed 32 German police officers. 

   The German army had deployed large numbers of troops to control Italy in case it withdrew from the war. Beginning September 3, 1943, British forces under Field Marshal Montgomery launched an invasion of the Italian peninsula from the south. Meanwhile, the Germans disarmed the Italian army, arrested soldiers who had participated in the civil war, and sent the majority to forced labor camps in Germany. Areas where the Italian army resisted faced particularly brutal repression by their former German allies. On the Greek island of Kefalonia, approximately 5,000 Italian soldiers were executed as a result of the resistance movement.

   From September 1943 until the end of the war, a war of attrition raged in Italy. The German forces skillfully utilized the mountainous terrain to construct successive defensive lines, which the Allied forces broke through one by one. In the spring of 1944, the Allies launched a major offensive to break the stalemate on the Italian front. On June 4, American forces reached Rome, but German troops had already withdrawn from the city. The Germans retreated to the Gothic Line, positioned on the opposite bank of the Po River basin in northern Italy. From 1944 through the winter of 1945, the front lines again reached a stalemate. However, in April 1945, amidst the complete collapse of Nazi Germany, the Allies defeated the German forces in Italy.

During the Nanjing Massacre of the Sino-Japanese War, the bodies of children massacred by Japanese forces from December 13, 1937, to March 28, 1938, lay scattered throughout Nanjing City.

   The Nanjing Massacre during the Sino-Japanese War saw the bodies of children and women slaughtered by Japanese forces from December 13, 1937, to March 28, 1938, scattered throughout Nanjing City. Immediately following the Battle of Nanjing, Japanese soldiers committed acts against the Chinese citizens of Nanjing that violated the laws of war, including the execution of prisoners of war, the killing of civilians, looting, arson, and rape. These atrocities persisted from the Japanese Army's march into the Nanjing area starting December 13th of the Nanjing Campaign until March 28th of the following year. 

   Upon entering Nanjing, the Japanese forces carried out the horrific Nanjing Massacre during their sweep of the city, considered the largest massacre in modern history. According to witnesses of the events, “20,000 men, women, and children were killed,” and Nanjing was said to have become a city of blood for four weeks. Almost all women, regardless of age, suffered barbaric violence, and every single home was looted. “Publicized worldwide as the Japanese Army's rampage in Nanjing,” the Japanese Army's honor was utterly destroyed. Fearing the truth would leak out, the Japanese Army imposed strict censorship on all news sources. However, some foreigners remained behind, and the facts could not be concealed. It was precisely the atrocities in Nanjing that ultimately led China to wage total war. 

     Despite the sheer scale of the victims raising doubts that defy common sense, the facts were established at the authoritative Tokyo Trials. Photographs purported as evidence of the Nanjing Massacre, showing rows of Chinese victims' corpses, force Japanese people to confront anew the horrors of war and the magnitude of the crimes their own people committed. At the Tokyo Trials, General Matsui Iwane, commander-in-chief of the Nanking campaign, was sentenced to death solely for his responsibility in the Nanking Incident. At the Nanking Military Tribunal, which tried Class B and C war criminals, those involved were also executed. In China, the existence of the massacre is accepted as an unshakable fact.

On September 4, 1917, during the Battle of Jugra near Riga, Latvia, on the Eastern Front of World War I, the bodies of Russian soldiers killed by chemical weapons were scattered across the battlefield.

     On September 4, 1917, during the Eastern Front of World War I, the bodies of Russian soldiers killed by chemical weapons littered the battlefield near Riga, Latvia, at the Battle of Jugla. During the fighting of the Jugla Offensive, there were no Russian survivors.

     The German offensive at Jugla (Riga) erupted from September 1 to September 5, 1917. The Germans launched their attack on September 1, crossing the Daugava River south of the fortified Russian positions around Riga. One column attacked the Russian corps threatening the bridgehead, while another advanced north along the river towards Riga. Most of the fighting occurred near the Dvina bridgehead, where the Germans also attacked Russian positions along the Jugra River further northeast. Meanwhile, German forces advanced into Riga with little resistance. However, in the southern fighting and the Riga advance, most Russian troops withdrew intact. The Germans captured only 9,000 Russian soldiers, and overall casualties on both sides were minimal.

    When the Germans attacked the Russian positions along the Jugra River, they employed gas shells, flamethrowers, and air strikes. Despite this, the Russians repelled the German river crossings for most of the day. Despite Russian resistance, the Germans ultimately secured bridgeheads along the Jugra River by the end of the day. The Germans employed a more fluid, infiltrating tactic rather than a straight-line assault. Advance units bypassed many defensive positions, leaving them for the main force to eliminate. While Russian cavalry, artillery, machine gun units, and some infantry fought well, the majority of infantry units fared poorly and decided to abandon their positions.